The voiced alveolar nasal is a type of sound used in numerous spoken . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental consonant, alveolar, and postalveolar nasal consonant is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is n.
The vast majority of languages have either an alveolar or dental nasal. There are a few languages that lack either sound but have , such as Yoruba language, Palauan language, and colloquial Samoan language (however, these languages all have . An example of a language without and is Edo language). There are some languages (e.g. Rotokas language) that lack both and .
True dental consonants are relatively uncommon. In the Romance, Dravidian, and Australian languages, n is often called "dental" in the literature. However, the rearmost contact, which gives a consonant its distinctive sound, is actually alveolar or denti-alveolar. The difference between the Romance languages and English is not so much where the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth but the part of the tongue that makes contact. In English, it is the tip of the tongue (such sounds are termed apical consonant), but in the Romance languages, it is the flat of the tongue just above the tip (such sounds are called laminal).
However, there are languages with true apical (or less commonly laminal) dental n. It is found in the Mapuche language of South America, where it is actually interdental. A true dental generally occurs allophone before in the languages that have it, as in English te nth. Similarly, a denti-alveolar allophone occurs in languages that have denti-alveolar stops, as in Spanish ci nta.
Some languages contrast laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar nasals. For example, in the Malayalam pronunciation of Nārāyanan, the first n is dental, the second is retroflex, and the third alveolar.
A postalveolar nasal occurs in a number of Australian Aboriginal languages, including Djeebbana and Jingulu language.
Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology | |||||
Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||||
Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of before . See Catalan phonology | |||||
Chuvash language | Chuvash language/šăna | ʃɒn̪a | 'a fly' | ||
Laminal denti-alveolar, sometimes simply alveolar. See Dutch phonology | |||||
Interdental. Allophone of before . | |||||
See Esperanto phonology | |||||
Allophone of before . | |||||
Laminal denti-alveolar, sometimes simply alveolar. See French phonology | |||||
Interdental. Allophone of . See Modern Greek phonology | |||||
Hindustani | Hindi Language | नया / najā | 'new' | See Hindi–Urdu phonology | |
Urdu alphabet | rtl=yes / najā | ||||
Hmong language | 'eat' | ||||
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Hungarian phonology | |||||
Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of before . See Italian phonology | |||||
Velarized. | |||||
Japanese | Kanji/namida | n̪ämʲid̪ä | 'tear' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology | |
Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||||
Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of before . | |||||
Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of before . | |||||
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology | |||||
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Macedonian phonology | |||||
Interdental for some speakers. See Malayalam phonology | |||||
Interdental. | |||||
Marathi language | नख/nakh | 'fingernail' | See Marathi phonology | ||
Nepali language | सुग न्ध | 'fraɡrance' | Allophone of /n/ in neighbourhood of /t̪, t̪ʰ, d̪, d̪ʱ/. | ||
Laminal denti-alveolar. Alveolar before . See Polish phonology | |||||
Laminal denti-alveolar. May Nasalization preceding vowel (especially if stressed). Has as allophone, forming from clusters with , and before . | |||||
Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of after a stressed nasal vowel in more stigmatized varieties. See Portuguese phonology | |||||
Laminal denti-alveolar. See Romanian phonology | |||||
Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |||||
Velarized. Contrasts with alveolar and palatal . | |||||
Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of before . See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |||||
Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of before . See Slovene phonology | |||||
Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of before . See Spanish phonology | |||||
Swahili language | Bajuni dialect dialect | italic=yes/italic=yes/italic=yes | 'rat' | Dental. Orthography is variable. | |
See Tamil phonology | |||||
Occurs as an allophone of anuswara when followed by . | |||||
Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology | |||||
Laminal denti-alveolar. | |||||
See Arabic phonology | |||||
See Bengali phonology | |||||
See Cantonese phonology | |||||
See Catalan phonology | |||||
See Czech phonology | |||||
See Dutch phonology | |||||
See English phonology | |||||
See Finnish phonology | |||||
See German phonology | |||||
See Modern Greek phonology | |||||
See Gujarati phonology | |||||
See Hawaiian phonology | |||||
See Modern Hebrew phonology | |||||
See Italian phonology | |||||
Palatalized. | |||||
See Khmer phonology | |||||
See Korean phonology | |||||
Kurdish | Kurmanji | Kurdish alphabet]] | 'animal' | See Kurdish phonology | |
Sorani | Kurdish alphabet]]/gîyânlabar | ||||
Southern Kurdish | |||||
See Malayalam phonology | |||||
Mandarin Chinese | 難/难/Hanyu Pinyin]] | 'difficult' | See Mandarin phonology | ||
Nepali language | नक्कल/nakkal | 'imitation' | See Nepali phonology | ||
Can occur as onset, nucleus, or coda. Allophone of m, ŋ, and ɴ in coda, but phonemic elsewhere. | |||||
Persian language | نون/nun | nun | 'bread' | ||
Allophone of (which is normally laminal denti-alveolar ) before . See Polish phonology | |||||
Contrasts with velarised dental and palatal . | |||||
Slovene language | |||||
Some speakers | italic=yes | 'horse' | See Slovene phonology | ||
See Spanish phonology | |||||
Swahili language | ndizi | n̩dizi | 'banana' | ||
Tagalog phonology | |||||
Thai language | Thai script]]/Thai script]] | nɔːn | 'sleep' | See Thai phonology | |
Toki Pona | noka | noka | 'foot' | ||
See Turkish phonology | |||||
See Tamil phonology | |||||
Occurs only before alveolar consonants. See Vietnamese phonology | |||||
See Welsh phonology | |||||
contrasts with a fortis alveolar nasal that is not represented in the orthography. |
Allophone of before , may be Palatal nasal instead. See Catalan phonology |
Result of rhotic plus alveolar . |
Allophone of before . See Australian English phonology |
Palatalized laminal; allophone of before . See Italian phonology |
Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers. |
Welsh English |
Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar. See Standard German phonology |
Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. See Norwegian phonology |
Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant. See Swedish phonology |
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